| A |
| accidents and safety, | 65–6 |
| Akroyd, Edward, | 337 |
| Albert Mills, Morley, | 56 |
| Albion Hall, | 27–8 |
| alcohol and drunkenness, | 289–90, 293, 303–12 |
| Allan Bridge mill, | 88, 89 |
| Allan Bridge mill (Pudsey), | 78–9 |
| Amalgamated Society of Engineers (ASE), | 167, 168 |
| Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants (ASRS), | 158–9 |
| Anglican Church see Church of England | |
| apprenticeships, | 18–20, 21, 34–5, 41, 53, 72, 77 |
| Armenian Lodge, Bramley, | 206, 207 |
| Armitage family (Farnley), | 239, 267–8, 311 |
| Armitage, James, | 194, 194 |
| Armitage, John Leathley, | 228 |
| Armitage’s ironworks, Farnley, | 174 |
| Armley, | 9, 12, 29, 61, 70, 133, 206, 209 |
| Armley Feast, | 303 |
| Armley gaol, | 288, 291 |
| benefit societies, | 39 |
| Bethesda Chapel, | 235 |
| child labour, | 64 |
| Christ Church, Upper Armley, | 239–40, 269 |
| clothiers and handlooms, | 1800–53, 71 |
| community labour market controls, | 26 |
| Conservative Club, | 181–2 |
| friendly societies, | 347–8, 347, 348 |
| Gott’s Alms-houses, Chapel Lane, | 209 |
| Gott’s philanthropy, | 210–12, 215 |
| library and police station, | 143 |
| master clothiers, | 18 |
| Methodism, | 230 |
| Methodist New Connexion chapel, | 231 |
| mills, | 44, 49, 51 |
| Old Chapel, | 7, 210 |
| poor relief distribution, | 89–91 |
| population growth, | 143 |
| schools, | 40, 268, 268–70, 275 |
| Socialist Sunday School, | 259 |
| stone quarrying, | 147 |
| structure of occupations | 1841–71, 135, 136–7 |
| Temperance Hall and Mechanics’ Institute, | 311 |
| and turnpike trusts, | 127 |
| wool textile millworkers, | 1835, 47 |
| Armley Association, | 179 |
| Armley Clothiers’ Friendly Society, | 352 |
| Armley House, | 194, 207, 208, 210–11 |
| Armley Literary Society, | 216, 327 |
| Armley Radical Club, | 181 |
| Armstrong, Robert, | 109–10 |
| B |
| Bagby mill, | 53, 54 |
| Baines, Edward (junior), | 177–8, 179, 216, 306, 307, 325 |
| Baines, Edward (senior), | 74, 87, 87n19, 93, 94, 104, 195, 270, 300 |
| Baker, Robert, | 143 |
| Band of Hope, | 247, 278, 311 |
| Bank area, | 62 |
| Baptists, | 230, 246, 300, 306, 328 |
| Barker, Joseph, | 98, 109, 179n18, 220, 287 |
| Barker, Rev Joseph, | 244–5 |
| Barker, William, | 178–9, 220 |
| Barlow, Thomas, | 77, 99 |
| Barnes, William, | 267–8, 272 |
| Barton, Robert, | 183 |
| Bateson family (Wortley), | 207 |
| Bayldon, Richard, | 164 |
| Beecroft, George, | 177 |
| Beeston, | 9, 76, 83, 227 |
| Beeston Feast, | 298 |
| Beeston Hill Board School, | 282 |
| burial board, | 122, 219–20 |
| child labour, | 64 |
| Church of England decline, | 250–1 |
| clothiers and handlooms, 1800–53, | 71 |
| Elland Road toll chain, | 127 |
| farming, | 117 |
| flax production, | 50 |
| Liberal Club, | 181 |
| local government party alignments, | 119 |
| lock-up, | 288 |
| Methodism, | 230 |
| middle-class, composition of, | 198 |
| mills, | 44, 48 |
| mining, | 147, 160–1 |
| Old Chapel, | 41 |
| permanent salaried officials, | 124–5 |
| poor rates, | 92 |
| poor relief distribution, | 35, 89–91 |
| population growth, | 34 |
| railways, | 128–9 |
| rate assessments, | 33, 34 |
| schools, | 40 |
| structure of occupations 1841–71, | 135, 136–7 |
| Temperance Fold and Hall, | 182 |
| township chairmen and officers, political and socio-economic composition of, | 116, 117, 118 |
| township meeting attendants, | 119 |
| wool textile millworkers, 1835, | 47 |
| Beeston Hall, | 193 |
| Beeston Institute, | 321, 333, 335 |
| Belle Isle mill (Bramley), | 51, 202 |
| Bellhouse family (Beeston), | 219–20 |
| benefit societies, | 39, 81 |
| Benyon and Marshall, | 95, 212 |
| billy-piecing, | 55 |
| birth control, | 67 |
| Blakey, William, | 177 |
| boot-making, | 148 |
| Bower, Joseph, | 101 |
| Bower, Joshua, | 181 |
| Bradford, Wakefield and Leeds Railway Company, | 128–9 |
| Bramley, | 9, 12, 22, 29, 61, 70 |
| Art Exhibition 1872, | 224, 225 |
| benefit societies, | 39 |
| Bramley ‘Clash,’ | 222 |
| Carnival, | 300 |
| celebration of the passing of the Reform bill, 1832, | 102–3 |
| child labour, | 64 |
| church pew rents, | 236 |
| clothiers and handlooms, 1800–53, | 71 |
| crime, | 41–2 |
| election candidates, | 176–7 |
| friendly societies, | 347–9, 347, 348, 351–3, 354 |
| hand looms, | 140 |
| Methodism, | 37, 230 |
| middle-class, composition of, | 198–9, 202 |
| mills, | 43–4, 49 |
| Moriah Chapel, | 235 |
| municipal election candidates 1835–55, | 106, 108 |
| municipal elections, | 100–1 |
| Old Chapel, | 214, 216 |
| Old Chapel School, | 215 |
| paternalism, | 314 |
| Poor Law Union, | 125 |
| poor relief 1776–1815, | 35 |
| poor relief distribution, | 35, 89–91 |
| population growth and poor rate assessments, | 34 |
| property ownership, | 199–200 |
| rate assessments, 1700–1801, | 33 |
| relief funds organisation, | 213 |
| schools, | 40 |
| stone quarrying, | 147 |
| structure of occupations 1841–71, | 135, 136–7 |
| and turnpike trusts, | 127 |
| wool textile millworkers, 1835, | 47 |
| Bramley Almanac, | 180, 222, 287, 301–2 |
| Bramley Co-operative, | 343 |
| Bramley Discussion Society, | 323 |
| Bramley Institute, | 321, 329, 332 |
| Bramley Loyal Friendly Society, | 349, 351–3 |
| Bramley Mechanics Institute, | 324–5 |
| Bramley Mutual Improvement Society, | 325 |
| Bramley Oddfellows, | 354 |
| Bramley Penny Savings Bank, | 338 |
| Bramley Philosophical Society, | 323 |
| Bramley Reform Association, | 179 |
| Bramley Reform Club, | 181 |
| Bramley Temperance Band, | 300, 308–9, 351 |
| brick making, | 146 |
| residential choice, | 159 |
| strikes, | 159 |
| wages and pay, | 159 |
| workers’ birthplaces, | 154, 160 |
| Briggate, | 27 |
| British and Foreign School Society, | 277 |
| Broadbent, Edward, | 219 |
| Broadbent, Joseph, | 219 |
| broadcloth production, | 10, 11–12, 22 |
| Brontë, Charlotte, | 82 |
| Brook, William, | 109 |
| Brooke, Joseph, | 123 |
| Brown, Robert, | 29 |
| Brown, William, | 162, 164, 164n42 |
| Brown’s steaming mill, | 54 |
| Brudenell family, Earls of Cardigan, | 193, 199 |
| building society clubs, | 339–40 |
| building trade, | 152, 153 |
| Bull, George Stringer, | 97 |
| burial boards, | 122, 219–20 |
| Burley, | 49, 61 |
| burling, | 61 |
| Burton, Joshua, | 199 |
| Butler, Joseph, | 313 |
| C |
| Calvinism, | 230 |
| capital, | 11, 21 |
| carding, | 20, 21, 47, 49, 55, 55n50 |
| Carlile, Richard, | 307 |
| Carlton Union, | 125, 125n33 |
| Carr Hall, | 194 |
| Carter, Robert Meek, | 109–10, 180 |
| census information, | 195–7, 196 |
| education, | 256, 256–7, 257, 258–60 |
| note on samples, | 357–60, 359 |
| Chartism, | 96, 99, 104, 220, 287, 307–8 |
| Chartist-Liberal agreement, | 108–9 |
| municipal election candidates 1835–55, | 106, 107, 108–9 |
| township chairmen and officers, political composition of, | 115, 116 |
| Child, William, | 22, 23 |
| children, | 47, 48, 50, 54, 55–6, 56, 63, 64, 72, 80, 311, 358 |
| and crime, | 291 |
| cruelty, | 57, 59, 60, 63, 64, 98 |
| employment changes, | 139 |
| of engineers and metal workers, | 167 |
| health problems, | 65 |
| independent behaviour, | 68–9 |
| job mobility, | 68 |
| of miners, | 161 |
| moral welfare, | 67 |
| out-township employment 1871, | 151 |
| parental control, | 65, 66, 69 |
| and parents’ trade, | 150, 152 |
| sub-contracting, | 57 |
| wages and pay, | 56–7, 68 |
| in worsted and flax mills, | 58, 59 |
| see also education | |
| Children’s Employment Commission, | 54 |
| Christian Temperance Association, | 247 |
| Church of England, | 12, 36, 37–8, 210, 219 |
| chapel rates, | 121 |
| church building programme, | 231–3 |
| community engagement, | 248–50 |
| decline of, | 250–1 |
| and education, | 253–4, 260, 261, 266–7, 269–70 |
| financial problems, | 237 |
| new parishes, creation of, | 232 |
| pew rents and free pews, | 236 |
| weakness of, | 231, 250–1 |
| churches and chapels | |
| Armley Old Chapel, | 7 |
| attendances, | 233–6, 234, 239, 245–6, 250–1 |
| Baptist Tabernacle Chapel, Hunslet, | 328 |
| Beeston Old Chapel, | 41 |
| Bethel Independent Chapel, Wortley, | 240 |
| Bethesda Chapel, Armley, | 235 |
| Bramley Old Chapel, | 214, 216 |
| building programmes, | 231–3 |
| Bull-Ring Chapel, Wortley, | 235–6, 297–8, 297 |
| Cape Mills, Farsley, | 238 |
| chapel and church rates, | 121, 243 |
| chapelries, | 31, 36 |
| chapelwardens, | 112–13 |
| Christ Church, Upper Armley, | 239–40, 269 |
| church accommodation, | 231, 233, 234 |
| dissenting chapels, support for, | 240–1 |
| Evangelical Mission Chapel, Holbeck, | 245 |
| Farnley Hill Methodist Chapel, | 105 |
| financial problems, | 237 |
| Methodist New Connexion Chapel, | Armley, 231 |
| Moriah Chapel, Bramley, | 235 |
| patronage, | 239–40 |
| pew rents and free pews, | 235–7 |
| and residential segregation, | 238 |
| St Mary’s Church, Hunslet, | 286 |
| vestries, | 112–13 |
| see also religion | |
| Cliff family (Wortley), | 241 |
| Cliff, Joseph, | 132, 146, 159, 160, 213, 216, 241, 311 |
| Cliff, Walter, | 183 |
| Cliff, William Dewhirst, | 207 |
| cloth halls, | 27–9, 77 |
| trustees, | 28 |
| Clothiers’ Community, | 84–6 |
| Clothworkers’ Brief Institution, | 83–4 |
| co-operative enterprises, | 340–4, 344 |
| Compston, John, | 178 |
| Conservative Party, | 100–1, 176 |
| leadership, | 183 |
| Leeds Council elections, | 104 |
| and local government officials, | 124–5 |
| local government party alignments, | 119 |
| local patriotism, | 183 |
| municipal election candidates 1835–55, | 106, 107, 108 |
| and political clubs, | 181–2 |
| township chairmen and offices, political composition of, | 115–17, 116 |
| vote share, parliamentary elections 1832–68, | 103 |
| Cookson, Robert, | 19, 20, 21–2, 25 |
| Coope, Joseph, | 19, 21, 23, 30 |
| Corker, William, | 179 |
| Coxon, Richard, | 110 |
| crime see policing and crime | |
| Crooke, Henry, | 37 |
| croppers, | 52–3, 52n35, 83–4, 91 |
| D |
| Danby family (Farnley), | 193, 194 |
| Dawson, William, | 179, 180 |
| Denison, Ernest, | 181 |
| dialect poetry and prose, | 222, 223–4 |
| diseases, cholera, | 126 |
| doffers, | 59, 60 |
| Domesday Book, | 9 |
| dress and clothing industry, | 141 |
| dressers, | 52, 53 |
| E |
| education, | 39–40, 89, 123, 226 |
| Beeston Hill Board School, | 282 |
| Bramley Old Chapel School, | 215 |
| Church of England provision of, | 253–4, 260, 261, 266–7, 269–70 |
| and class relations, | 252, 273 |
| Dissenters’ provision of, | 262, 266 |
| elementary education, | 252–82 |
| fees and affordability, | 268–9, 273, 274, 275 |
| finance, | 266 |
| middle-class approaches to working class education, | 262–4 |
| mill schools, | 263–5 |
| National schools, | 274–5, 280 |
| parental social class, | 277 |
| patronage, | 267–70 |
| private day schools, | 278–81 |
| proportion of children at home, work and school 1841–71, | 257, 258–60 |
| religious content, | 271–2, 273 |
| school attendance, | 252, 256, 256, 274, 281 |
| School Boards, | 271 |
| school discipline, | 264, 265, 272 |
| secondary education, | 276 |
| sectarianism, | 267–8, 270–2, 273 |
| self-help and education, | 319–36 |
| Sunday and weekly scholars in out-townships, | 255 |
| Sunday schools, | 252–4, 259, 262, 271–2, 276–8 |
| teachers/schoolmasters, | 122, 267–8, 276, 279, 280 |
| teaching methods, | 272–3 |
| voluntaryism, | 270–1 |
| Wesleyan schools, | 273 |
| Wortley Grammar School, | 123, 276 |
| Zion school, New Wortley, | 276–8 |
| elections | |
| electorate, | 110–11, 195–6, 196 |
| municipal elections, | 100–1, 104, 106, 107, 108–10, 242 |
| parliamentary elections, | 105, 176–8, 306 |
| voters, | 110 |
| Elland Road, | 127 |
| Ellis, James, | 18–19, 24, 26–7 |
| Ellis, William, | 218 |
| Elmfield House, Bramley, | 228 |
| emigration schemes, | 96 |
| Engels, Friedrich, | 191 |
| Engine-Drivers’ and Firemen’s Association, | 157 |
| Engine-Drivers’ and Firemen’s United Society, | 157 |
| Engine-Drivers’ United Society, | 158 |
| Eyres, Samuel, | 133, 214 |
| F |
| factory system, | 43–69 |
| Fairbairn, Sir Peter, | 325 |
| family life, | 63, 66, 68, 81, 139 |
| family employment, | 139, 139 |
| family networks, | 18–19, 21–2 |
| parental control, | 65, 66, 69 |
| farmer-clothiers, | 11, 11n14, 16, 29–31, 78, 81 |
| farming, | 30–1, 117 |
| Farnley, | 143 |
| mining, | 146 |
| New Farnley, | 239, 240 |
| schools, | 267 |
| Farnley Iron Company, | 194 |
| Farnley Manor, | 194 |
| Farrar, John, | 278 |
| Farsley, Cape Mills, | 238 |
| feasts and festivities, | 222–3, 286, 286, 298–303, 298, 300, 312–13 |
| Fenton, Murray and Wood, Holbeck, | 141 |
| Fiennes, Celia, | 146–7 |
| finishing processes, | 49 |
| fire clay, | 146 |
| Fitch, J. G., | 276, 279–80, 322 |
| flax production, | 50, 57, 58, 59, 62–3, 138, 141 |
| flying shuttle, | 21 |
| food prices, | 24, 74 |
| Ford, Isabella, | 189–90 |
| Foresters (friendly society), | 345, 346, 350 |
| Forster, W. E., | 177 |
| Fraser, Derek, | 100 |
| friendly societies, | 345–55, 347, 348 |
| fulling mills, | 50 |
| Furbank, Thomas, | 236 |
| G |
| Gasworkers and General Labourers’ Union (GGLU), | 190 |
| Gaunt, Edwin, | 205, 278 |
| Gaunt, George, | 109, 220 |
| Gaunt, Joseph Naylor, | 241 |
| Gaunt, William, | 224 |
| Goldthorpe, Horatio, | 220 |
| Gott, Benjamin, | 53, 131, 131n62, 140, 194, 207–8, 210–11, 313 |
| Gott, Elizabeth, | 211–12, 211 |
| Gott, John, | 207, 249–50 |
| Gott, William, | 226–7 |
| Gott, William Ewart, | 239–40, 269–70 |
| Gott’s mill, | 45, 53, 57, 83, 85, 131 |
| Graham, James, | 22 |
| Grand United Oddfellows, | 345, 346 |
| Greenhill House (Wortley), | 206, 207 |
| Greenwell, Nicholas, | 249 |
| Greenwood and Batley, | 143 |
| Greenwood, Arthur, | 183 |
| guilds, | 12 |
| H |
| Hainsworth family (Bramley), | 202 |
| Haley family (Bramley), | 202 |
| Haley, John, | 101, 102, 104, 200, 201, 313 |
| hand looms, | 71, 72, 89, 140 |
| Harehills, | 226 |
| Hargreave, Charles James, | 205 |
| Hargreave, James, | 216, 226, 240 |
| Hayward, Joseph, | 354 |
| Headingley, | 226, 287, 288 |
| Hebblethwaite, John, | 21 |
| heckling, | 59, 60 |
| Hepper, Edward, | 109 |
| Highfield House, Wortley, | 206, 207 |
| Hill family (Beeston), | 193 |
| Hindes and Derham’s mill (Leeds), | 49 |
| Hives and Atkinson’s mill, | 59 |
| Hobson, Joseph, | 295–6 |
| Holbeck, | 9, 12, 19, 20, 22, 25, 274 |
| child labour, | 59 |
| co-operative enterprises, | 343 |
| Evangelical Mission chapel, | 245 |
| flax production, | 50, 59 |
| Liberal Club, | 183 |
| Methodism, | 230 |
| mills, | 44, 47, 49 |
| municipal election candidates 1835–55, | 107, 108, 108–9 |
| poor funds, | 95, 212 |
| poor relief distribution, | 90, 91 |
| population growth, | 144 |
| schools, | 266 |
| structure of occupations 1841–71, | 135, 136–7 |
| Unitarianism, | 238 |
| voters’ sectarianism and localism, | 110–11 |
| Holbeck Adult Mutual Improvement Society, | 327–8, 330, 331, 332, 335 |
| Holbeck Choral Society, | 329–30 |
| Holbeck Mechanics Institute, | 330, 331, 334 |
| Holbeck Operative Enumerative Committee, | 93–4 |
| Holbeck Operative Reform Association, | 307 |
| Holdsworth, W. B., | 216 |
| Hole, James, | 262, 277, 329, 341 |
| Holmes, John, | 327–8, 341 |
| Hook, W. F. (Vicar of Leeds), | 232, 232n12, 253, 262–3, 270, 283, 340–1 |
| Huddersfield and District Weavers’ Association, | 189 |
| Hume Smith, F. G., | 239, 249, 269 |
| Hunslet, | 9, 12, 20, 22, 47, 49, 90 |
| Baptist Tabernacle Chapel, | 328 |
| electorate, | 195 |
| flax production, | 50 |
| Hunslet Feast, | 286, 286 |
| industrialisation, | 144 |
| Leeds pottery works, | 145 |
| Liberal Club, | 181 |
| metal and engineering industries, | 167 |
| Methodism, | 37, 230 |
| mining, | 162 |
| Poor Law Union, | 125 |
| population growth, | 144 |
| punishment, riding the stang, | 221, 222 |
| schools, | 266, 271, 274 |
| St Mary’s Church, | 286 |
| structure of occupations 1841–71, | 135, 136–7 |
| Temperance Memorial Hall, | 81 |
| Hunslet Mechanics Institute, | 216, 325, 333, 334, 334 |
| I |
| indentures, | 19 |
| Independent Labour Party, | 191–2 |
| Independents, | 230, 246 |
| industrial change, | 135–48 |
| dress and clothing industry, | 141 |
| fire clay, | 146 |
| interaction between growth industries, | 135 |
| iron industry, | 141–2, 143, 146 |
| leather working, | 147–8, 152, 155 |
| machine-making trades, | 142–3 |
| stone quarrying, | 147, 152 |
| structure of occupations 1841–71, | 136, 136–7 |
| textile manufacturing, decline of, | 135 |
| Ingham family (Wortley), | 207 |
| Ingham, Henry, | 132, 132n65 |
| Ingham, Robert, | 146 |
| Ingham, William, | 159, 160 |
| Ingilby family (Armley), | 193, 194 |
| inns, | 203 |
| see also Sunday closing | |
| investment, | 11, 59, 92, 135 |
| J |
| James Brown & Co., | 53 |
| Jenkins, David, | 44 |
| jennies, | 20–1, 43, 45 |
| Johnston’s mill (Beeston), | 83 |
| journeymen, | 18, 19, 23, 25, 72, 86 |
| K |
| Kirkgate, Leeds, | 294 |
| Kirkstall, | 40, 124, 165, 173, 177 |
| Kirkstall Abbey, | 147, 208, 248 |
| Kitson, James (junior), | 182, 205 |
| Kitson, James (senior), | 184, 216, 325 |
| Kitsons of Leeds, | 170, 173, 174, 286 |
| L |
| labour and workers | |
| character testimonials, | 69 |
| children, | 47, 48, 50, 54, 55–7, 56, 58, 59, 63–9, 64, 80, 139, 150, 151, 156, 161, 358 |
| community controls, | 26–7 |
| demand for labour, | 46 |
| division of labour by age, | 48 |
| family employment, | 139, 139 |
| fines, | 59, 171–2, 186, 187, 188, 305, 314 |
| gas workers, | 189–90, 191 |
| health problems, | 60 |
| industrial structure and categories of occupations, | 136–7, 358, 359 |
| intimidation, | 186, 188 |
| job satisfaction, | 54–5 |
| job security, | 25–6, 92 |
| labour surplus, | 23, 25, 26 |
| metal and engineering, | 165–73, 166 |
| numbers employed by small master clothiers, | 80 |
| overlookers, | 185, 186 |
| paternalism, | 160, 162, 176–7, 184, 187, 216–17, 313–14 |
| piecework, | 169, 170, 171–2, 175 |
| policing and labour disputes, | 284–5 |
| residential choice, | 150, 152, 156, 165 |
| skilled workers, | 149–75 |
| social categories of occupations, | 360 |
| spies, | 186 |
| strikes, | 83, 85, 92, 158, 159, 161, 162–5, 171, 173–4, 176, 191, 284 |
| structure of occupations 1841–71, | 136–7 |
| terms of employment, | 185–6 |
| textile manufacturing, decline of, | 135, 188 |
| women, | 48, 49, 55, 58, 59, 61, 61–2, 138–9, 186 |
| wool textile millworkers, 1835, | 47 |
| workers’ birthplaces, | 153–5, 166 |
| workforce divisions, | 167–8, 174 |
| working hours, | 53–4 |
| worsted and flax mills, | 58 |
| Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company, | 129 |
| land holdings, | 29–30 |
| law and order see policing and crime | |
| Lawson, Joseph, | 61, 140, 251, 314 |
| Lawton, Matthew, | 219 |
| leather family (Beeston), | 205 |
| leather working, | 135, 137, 142, 147–8, 152 |
| workers’ birthplaces, | 155 |
| and workers’ residential choice, | 156 |
| Leeds, | 49, 61 |
| structure of occupations in the borough 1841–71, | 136–7 |
| Leeds, Bradford, Halifax Junction Railway Company, | 129 |
| Leeds Clothiers’ Union, | 96, 97 |
| Leeds Corporation, | 12, 36, 119, 126, 132 |
| Leeds Council, elections, | 104 |
| Leeds Forge Company, | 143, 165 |
| Leeds Gas Stokers’ Union, | 186 |
| Leeds Improvement Act 1866, | 128 |
| Leeds Industrial Co-operative Society, | 341, 342, 343 |
| Leeds Mechanics Institute and Literary Society (LMILS), | 306, 319, 320–1, 327, 332 |
| Leeds Mercury, | 178, 326 |
| Leeds Musical Union, | 316 |
| Leeds Nine Hours Maintenance League, | 189 |
| Leeds Patternmakers’ Association, | 169 |
| Leeds Political Union, | 101–2 |
| Leeds Poor Law Union, | 125 |
| Leeds Rational Recreation Society, | 316 |
| Leeds Redemption Society, | 340 |
| Leeds Savings Bank, | 337 |
| Leeds Steam Washing Company, | 313 |
| Leeds Sunday School Union, | 253 |
| Leeds Temperance Society, | 306, 311 |
| Leeds Total Abstinence Charter Association, | 307 |
| Leeds Town Council, | 119, 183, 289, 306 |
| Leeds Trades’ Union, | 99 |
| Leeds Union Operative Benefit Building Society, | 340 |
| Leeds Vicarage Act 1844, | 232 |
| Leeds Willeyers,’ Teazers’ and Fettlers’ Union, | 190 |
| Leeds Working Men’s Conservative Association, | 181 |
| Leeds Working Men’s Institute, | 324 |
| Leeds Working Men’s Parliamentary Reform Association, | 178 |
| Lees, F. R., | 306, 307, 341 |
| leisure time, | 41, 294–318 |
| bands, | 300, 308–9, 316–18, 351 |
| bull-baiting, | 297–8 |
| casinos, | 295, 302–3 |
| company-sponsored feasts, | 312–13 |
| cricket, | 314–16 |
| crowd control problems, | 297 |
| dancing, music and concerts, | 294–6, 316–18 |
| drink and temperance, | 303–12 |
| feasts and festivities, | 222–3, 286, 286, 298–303, 298, 300 |
| gambling, | 296 |
| horticultural activity, | 317–18 |
| markets, | 299 |
| middle class perceptions, | 294, 296, 300 |
| pugilists, | 297 |
| rational recreation, | 312–18 |
| seaside excursions, 313–14 | |
| working class leisure in town and suburb, | 294–303 |
| Liberal Party, | 88, 100–2, 104, 178, 181 |
| ‘advanced Liberalism,’ | 176 |
| Chartist-Liberal agreement, | 108–9 |
| disunity, | 306, 307 |
| Holbeck Liberal Club, | 331 |
| leadership, | 182–3 |
| and local government officials, | 124–5 |
| local government party alignments, | 119 |
| municipal election candidates 1835–55, | 106, 107, 108 |
| and political clubs, | 181–2 |
| and religion, | 243–4 |
| township chairmen and offices, political composition of, | 115–17, 116 |
| Wortley versus Holbeck Liberals, | 109–11 |
| libraries, | 144, 332–3 |
| Armley, | 143 |
| local government, | 9, 18, 31–2, 112–33 |
| burial boards, | 122, 219–20 |
| chapelwardens, | 112–13 |
| environmental control, | 126–33 |
| levying rates, | 120–1 |
| local identity politics, | 120 |
| lower middle-class views, | 112, 120 |
| meeting attendants, | 119 |
| meetings, frequency of, | 118 |
| middle-class participation, | 197, 219–20 |
| overseer and surveyor board memberships, | 113 |
| overseers, | 203 |
| party alignments, | 119 |
| permanent salaried officials, | 123 |
| policing, | 126 |
| roads, | 126–8, 129 |
| township chairmen and officers, political and socio-economic composition of, | 115, 116 |
| township chairmen and officers, political composition of, | 114, 115, 117–18, 118 |
| township meetings and vestries, | 36, 112–13 |
| lock-outs, | 99, 164, 171, 173–4, 284 |
| Locomotive and Firemen’s Society, | 159 |
| Locomotive Steam Engine Drivers’ Society, | 157 |
| looms, | 21 |
| power looms, | 75–6, 88 |
| restrictions on, | 26–7 |
| Lords family (Bramley), | 202 |
| Low Moor Iron Company, | 146 |
| M |
| magistrates, | 41 |
| Maguire, Tom, | 186, 187, 189, 189–90 |
| Manchester Oddfellows, | 345, 346n131, 350 |
| Mann, Horace, | 273 |
| markets, | 299 |
| marriage, | 156–7, 161, 204 |
| Marsden, Henry, | 205 |
| Marshall, J. G,, | 317, 325 |
| Marshall, John, | 87, 95–6, 263–5, 326–7, 328, 329–30 |
| Marshall’s mill, Holbeck, | 57, 59, 62, 141, 309, 310 |
| and education, | 263–5 |
| Marxism, | 191, 341 |
| master clothiers, | 10, 16, 18, 19, 70, 72, 77, 80 |
| and communal identity, | 82 |
| unions, | 84–6 |
| Mathers, John, | 182 |
| Meadow Lane, | 27 |
| mechanics institutes, | 319–22, 320, 324–5, 329–30, 333–4, 334 |
| mechanisation, | 20–1, 43–4, 50–1, 69 |
| condenser machines, | 52 |
| gig-mill machines, | 52, 53–4, 83 |
| metal and engineering industries | |
| craft unions, | 167, 170 |
| division of labour, | 167–8, 174 |
| iron industry, | 141–2, 146 |
| machine-making trades, | 142–3 |
| machinery, introduction of, | 172 |
| piecework, | 171, 172 |
| residential choices, | 165, 167 |
| social status, | 167 |
| strikes, | 171, 173–4, 176 |
| sub-contracting, | 172 |
| trade unions, | 167–74, 176 |
| wages and pay, | 170–2 |
| workers’ birthplaces, | 166 |
| Methodism, | 18, 36–7, 36–9, 67, 81, 99 |
| chapel attendances, | 233, 234, 235–6, 245–6 |
| chapel building, | 235 |
| community engagement, | 247–8, 248 |
| disputes, | 244–6 |
| Farnley Hill Methodist Chapel, | 105 |
| Methodist New Connexion, | 230, 231, 235, 244 |
| Primitive Methodists, | 230, 233, 235 |
| revivals, | 97–8 |
| schisms, | 230 |
| schools/Sunday schools, | 40, 105, 240, 278 |
| sectarianism, | 246–7 |
| support for chapels, | 241 |
| middle-class, | 193–229, 195–7 |
| ancestry, | 203–4 |
| belief in working-class criminality, | 288 |
| census information, | 195–7, 196 |
| civic elite, | 205 |
| concept of community, | 222–6 |
| electorate, size of, | 195–6, 196 |
| gentrification, | 204 |
| land rentals, | 199 |
| lower middle-class, | 219–25 |
| marriage, | 204 |
| movement away from townships, | 226–7 |
| new prominent families, | 194–5 |
| occupations, | 202–5 |
| paternalism, | 216–17, 228–9 |
| patronage, | 210, 220–1 |
| philanthropy, | 208, 209, 210–15 |
| property ownership, | 198–200 |
| residences, | 206–8, 207 |
| sectarianism, | 221 |
| servants, employment of, | 197, 197 |
| size of, | 195, 197 |
| social class, | 217–19, 218 |
| social mobility, | 206, 218–19 |
| subscriptions to causes, | 212–15 |
| and township government, | 197, 219–20 |
| and working-class education, | 262–4 |
| working class leisure, perception of, | 294, 296, 300 |
| Middleton colliery, | 142 |
| migration, | 13, 22 |
| mills, | 22–3, 43–4, 200 |
| flax production, | 50, 57–9, 58 |
| fulling mills, | 50 |
| joint-stock/company owned mills, | 78–9 |
| male workers, status of, | 50–1, 53, 54 |
| steam power, | 43–4, 45–6 |
| tenancies, | 44 |
| water power, | 45 |
| Millshaw mills (Beeston), | 44, 48, 76 |
| mining, | 142 |
| coal, | 146–7, 160–1 |
| coal scratting, | 161 |
| iron, | 146 |
| marriages, | 161–2 |
| residential choice, | 159, 160–1 |
| social gap between miners and colliery owners, | 162 |
| strikes, | 161, 162–5 |
| wages and pay, | 162–4 |
| workers’ birthplaces, | 154 |
| Molesworth, Sir William, | 93–4 |
| morality, | 63, 67, 74 |
| Morris, R. J., | 326 |
| Moss, Matthew, | 178 |
| N |
| National Association of Ironworkers (NAI), | 173–4 |
| Neville family (Holbeck), | 193 |
| New Unionism, | 176–91 |
| New Wortley, | 109, 145, 156, 159, 177, 183–4 |
| gas strike 1890, | 191 |
| Liberal Club, | 183–4 |
| Zion school, | 276–8, 323–4 |
| New Wortley Almanac, | 222 |
| Nickols, Sir Harold, | 228 |
| Nickols, Richard, | 213 |
| North, William, | 326 |
| Northern Star, | 89 |
| Nussey, G. H., | 326 |
| Nussey, Joseph, | 240 |
| O |
| Oastler, Richard, | 77–8 |
| out-townships, | 9, 10, 11–12 |
| child labour, | 63, 64 |
| clothiers and handlooms, 1800–53, | 71 |
| community life, | 16, 18–19 |
| definition, | 124 |
| levying rates, | 120–1 |
| local government, | 112–33 |
| location maps, | 15, 17 |
| master clothiers, decline of, | 70, 80 |
| mills, | 44 |
| and parliamentary and municipal politics, | 100–11 |
| township identities, | 102, 120 |
| wool textile millworkers, 1835, | 47 |
| Oxley, Henry, | 205, 226 |
| P |
| Pack Horse (Beeston), | 203 |
| Parish Vestries Act 1818, | 112 |
| parliamentary and municipal politics, | 100–11, 106 |
| Chartist-Liberal agreement, | 108–9 |
| Conservative vote share, parliamentary elections 1832–68, | 103 |
| municipal elections, | 100–1, 104, 106, 107, 108–10 |
| parliamentary elections, | 105, 176–8, 306 |
| patronage, | 100–2, 104 |
| voters’ sectarianism and localism, | 110–11 |
| Patchett, William, | 203 |
| paternalism, | 160, 162, 176–7, 184, 187, 216–17, 228–9, 313–14 |
| patternmakers, | 172 |
| Pawson, William, | 205 |
| philanthropy, | 208, 209, 210–15 |
| Pickles, George, | 202 |
| Plint, Thomas, | 329 |
| Police Act 1856, | 285 |
| policing and crime, | 41–2, 126, 283–93 |
| Armley police station, | 143 |
| assaults on police officers, | 286–7 |
| children, | 291 |
| criminality, awareness of, | 288 |
| drunkenness, | 289–90, 293, 304 |
| labour disputes, | 284–5 |
| ‘moving on’ tactic, | 293, 304 |
| poaching, | 290 |
| police numbers, | 285 |
| policing of feasts, | 300 |
| prostitution, | 67, 292–3 |
| resentment of police, | 285–7, 293 |
| statistical information, | 289 |
| theft and burglary, | 291 |
| vagrancy, | 290 |
| violence and gangs, | 291–2 |
| political clubs, | 181–2, 183, 184, 191 |
| Pollard, John, | 200 |
| pollution, | 131–2, 160 |
| Poole, Robert, | 251 |
| population growth, | 12, 34, 143, 144 |
| Post Office Savings Bank, | 338 |
| Pottery Fields, | 144 |
| poverty and poor rates/relief, | 26, 32, 34, 34, 35, 83–99, 89–92, 90, 188 |
| assessments, | 33 |
| Leeds townships1813–48, | 93 |
| levying rates, | 120–1 |
| New Poor Law 1834, | 92, 94, 125, 178 |
| outdoor relief, | 93–4, 125 |
| poor funds, | 95 |
| poor relief 1776–1815, | 35 |
| rate increases, | 92–4, 93 |
| relief funds, | 212–15 |
| working-class reactions, | 96 |
| Power Loom Weavers’ Association, | 186, 191 |
| Pratt, John Tidd, | 349 |
| Priestley mill (Pudsey), | 89 |
| prostitution, | 67, 292–3 |
| protests, | 91 |
| public buildings, | 144 |
| puddlers, | 171, 172 |
| Pudsey, | 18, 21, 23, 30, 62, 292 |
| Punch Bowl (Beeston), | 203 |
| puritanism, | 18, 36 |
| putting-out system, | 11, 22 |
| Q |
| Quakers, | 306 |
| R |
| railways, | 128–9, 142, 145, 153, 180 |
| environmental consequences, | 129–30 |
| status divisions of employees, | 157 |
| strikes, | 158 |
| trade unions, | 157–9 |
| uniforms, | 157 |
| wages and pay, | 157 |
| workers’ birthplaces, | 155 |
| workers’ marriages, | 156–7, 158 |
| Ramsden, Sir John, | 179 |
| Reform League, | 179 |
| Reid, Thomas Wemyss, | 182 |
| religion, | 18, 36–9, 81, 230–51 |
| church accommodation, | 231, 233, 234 |
| church and chapel attendances, | 233–6, 234, 239, 245–6, 250–1 |
| church building programme, | 231–3 |
| church financial problems, | 237 |
| church reform, | 243 |
| community engagement, | 247–50 |
| disputes, | 244–6 |
| dissenting chapels, support for, | 240–1 |
| divided religious loyalties, | 241 |
| and economic and political crises, | 97–8 |
| educational religious content, | 271–2, 273 |
| influence on self-help and improvement institutes, | 333 |
| Non-Conformism, chapel building, | 233, 240 |
| Non-Conformism, dominance of, | 230–1 |
| opposition to Leeds vicarage, | 36 |
| patronage, | 239–40 |
| pew rents and free pews, | 235–7 |
| political divisions, | 243–4 |
| residential segregation, problems of, | 238 |
| sectarianism, | 246–7, 251 |
| secularism, | 251 |
| Tractarianism, | 239, 249, 250 |
| rents, | 29 |
| land rentals, | 199 |
| truck and tied rents, | 76 |
| Repton, Humphrey, | 208 |
| Ripon Diocesan Church Building Society, | 232 |
| roads, | 126–8, 129 |
| obstruction of, | 131–2 |
| private use of, | 133 |
| tolls, | 128 |
| turnpike trusts, | 127 |
| Rodley, | 39 |
| Rogerson family (Bramley), | 202–3, 203 |
| Rogerson, Joseph, | 28–9, 31, 35, 51, 304–5, 313 |
| Romans (friendly society), | 345, 346, 350 |
| Royal Foresters, | 345, 346, 350 |
| S |
| Sandford House, Bramley, | 228 |
| savings banks, | 337–9 |
| Scarr, Archie, | 183, 312 |
| schools see education | |
| scribbling, | 20, 43, 47, 49, 55 |
| Scurr, Ann, | 1–2, 135, 140, 280–1 |
| self-help and mutual improvement, | 319–55 |
| access to ‘respectable’ culture, | 335–6 |
| accommodation problems of institutes, | 333–5 |
| benefit societies, | 39, 81 |
| building society clubs, 3 | 39–40 |
| class co-operation, role of, | 326–7 |
| co-operative enterprises, | 340–4, 344 |
| cultural and recreational activities, | 329–30 |
| economic self-help, | 336–55 |
| educational self-help, | 319–36 |
| friendly societies, | 345–55, 347, 348 |
| institutional fees, | 331–2 |
| institutions founded by the working-class, | 327–8 |
| literacy, | 329 |
| mechanics institutes, | 319–22, 320, 324–5, 329–30, 333–4, 334 |
| patronage and institutions, | 324–7, 335 |
| reading rooms and libraries, | 321, 332–3, 335–6 |
| and religion, | 333 |
| savings banks, | 337–9 |
| science education, | 329, 330 |
| working-class attraction to, | 322, 336 |
| working men’s institutes, | 324, 325–6, 330 |
| youth guardian societies, | 319, 320, 323–4, 329 |
| servants, | 197, 197, 357 |
| shoddy, | 86 |
| Sikes, Charles William, | 337 |
| Silver Royd Hill, | 127 |
| slubbing, | 49, 51 |
| Smiles, Samuel, | 216, 277–8, 319, 322, 327, 329 |
| Smith, Adam, | 336 |
| Smith, John (Wortley Manor), | 193 |
| Smith, Samuel, | 65 |
| social mobility, | 156–7, 158 |
| Socialists, | 190, 191, 259 |
| Society for the Prosecution of Felons, | 288 |
| spinning, | 20–1 |
| Stamping Laws, | 91 |
| standard of living, | 24, 74, 75 |
| Stanningley, | 39, 61, 62, 76, 78, 124, 274 |
| Stansfield’s mill (Burley), | 49 |
| steam power, | 43–4, 45–6 |
| stone quarrying, | 147, 152 |
| workers’ birthplaces, 1 | 54 |
| Stones, John, | 123, 125 |
| Wortley: Past and Present, | 124 |
| strikes, | 83, 85–6, 92, 158, 159, 161, 162–5, 171, 173, 176, 191, 284 |
| sub-contracting, | 57, 172 |
| suburbs, suburban growth and the Leeds woollen industry, | 9–13 |
| suffrage reform, | 99, 101–2, 176 |
| manhood suffrage, | 178–80 |
| six-pound franchise reform bill, | 178, 179 |
| suicide, | 140 |
| Sunday closing, | 176, 177–8, 308 |
| Sunnybank Mills, Farsley, | 200 |
| Symons, Jelinger, | 294 |
| T |
| Tanhouse Pit, Churwell, | 161 |
| Tatham, George, | 183 |
| Taunton Schools Enquiry Commission, | 276 |
| Temperance movement, | 81, 81, 182, 246–7, 293, 303–12 |
| Thorne, Will, | 191 |
| Tom Paine Hall, | 28 |
| Tong Lane, | 127 |
| Tories see Conservative Party | |
| trade unions, | 77, 83–4, 92, 96, 149–75, 184, 314 |
| apathy, | 187 |
| benefits and financial services, | 168–9 |
| craft unions, | 167, 170 |
| enforcement of authority, | 174–5, 185 |
| gas workers, | 189–90, 191 |
| increase in, | 149 |
| labour consciousness, | 191 |
| legal protection for funds, | 169 |
| metal and engineering industries, | 167–74, 176 |
| New Unionism, | 176–91 |
| organising unskilled labour, | 188–91 |
| popularity, | 165, 168 |
| railway workers, | 157–9 |
| solidarity, | 175 |
| strikes, | 83, 85–6, 92, 158, 159, 161, 162–5, 171, 173–4, 176, 191 |
| support for suffrage reform, | 180 |
| and women, | 185, 187, 189 |
| trades directories, | 9–10 |
| Turner, Ben, | 187, 191 |
| U |
| unemployment, | 24, 26, 67, 76, 78, 91–2, 94, 96, 168, 171, 304 |
| Unitarianism, | 238, 244, 247 |
| United Free Gardeners, | 345, 349 |
| United Kingdom Alliance, | 300 |
| V |
| Varley, James, | 202 |
| Varley, John, | 76, 86, 199, 202 |
| Vickers, Hubert, | 183 |
| W |
| wages and pay, | 23–5, 26, 51, 53, 54, 190–1 |
| children, | 56–7, 68 |
| metal and engineering industries, | 170–2 |
| miners, | 162–3 |
| weavers, | 72–3, 74, 75, 188–9 |
| women, | 61, 62, 141 |
| Waites family (Bramley), | 202 |
| Walker, James, | 22, 25, 46 |
| Walker, John, | 76 |
| Walker, Lawrence, | 179 |
| Wardle and Leather, | 205 |
| Wardle, Joseph, | 205 |
| Waring, George, | 104 |
| water power, | 45 |
| Waterloo Main colliery, | 163 |
| Waterloo mill (Bramley), | 43–4, 45 |
| weaving, | 49, 61–2, 70 |
| cottages, | 73 |
| expansion of, | 72 |
| hand-loom weavers’ petition 1843, | 75 |
| hand looms, | 71, 72, 89, 140 |
| power loom weaving, | 75–6 |
| wages and pay, | 72–3, 74, 75, 188–9 |
| Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, | 149 |
| Webster, Daniel, | 123, 124–5 |
| Wellington Mill, Bramley, | 202 |
| Wesley, John, | 36, 37, 40 |
| Wesleyan Methodist Association, | 230 |
| Wesleyan New Connexion, | 235 |
| Wesleyan Reformers, | 230, 245–6 |
| West Riding Provident Society and Penny Savings Bank, | 337, 338 |
| Whalley, James, | 226 |
| Wharncliffe, Lord, | 228–9 |
| Wheatley, Henry, | 202 |
| White Hart (Beeston), | 203 |
| Wilkinson, John, | 69, 104 |
| Willan’s mill (Holbeck), | 44 |
| Wilson, Benjamin, | 199, 241 |
| Winn, William, | 178 |
| Witham’s Forge, | 165 |
| Wolrich, Thomas, | 194 |
| women, | 48, 49, 55 |
| burling, | 61 |
| married women, | 63 |
| and trade unions, | 185, 187, 189 |
| wages and pay, | 61, 62, 141 |
| in worsted and flax mills, | 58, 59, 61–3, 138–9 |
| Wood, Benjamin, | 124 |
| Woodhouse Mechanics Institute, | 319 |
| woollen industry | |
| accidents and safety, | 65–6 |
| clothier economy and community life around 1800, | 16–32 |
| competition, | 28–9, 77, 86–7 |
| cotton warp, use of, | 138 |
| machinery, | 138 |
| production scales, | 21–3 |
| sub-contracting, | 57 |
| and suburban growth, | 9–13 |
| tripart structure, | 13, 16 |
| worker skills, | 22 |
| working conditions, | 23–4, 59–60, 65–6 |
| working hours, | 53–4 |
| workhouses, | 67, 93, 97, 123, 125, 125n33, 144 |
| working class, | 8–9 |
| community identity, | 355 |
| consciousness, | 97 |
| leisure time, | 294–303 |
| reactions to poverty, | 96 |
| and religious fervour, 97–9 | |
| self-help and mutual improvement, | 322, 327–8, 336 |
| see also education; policing and crime | |
| working men’s institutes, | 324, 325–6, 330 |
| Worsnop, Abraham, | 93–4, 178 |
| worsted industry, | 11, 49, 58, 138 |
| women, | 61–2 |
| Wortley, | 9, 22, 23, 25, 29, 46, 49, 61, 70 |
| Bethel Independent Chapel, | 240 |
| brick making, | 159–60 |
| Bull-Ring chapel, | 235–6, 297–8, 297 |
| child labour, | 64 |
| clothiers and handlooms, 1800–53, | 71 |
| family employment, | 139, 139 |
| friendly societies, | 347, 348, 350, 351 |
| Grammar School, | 123 |
| Greenside Street, | 73 |
| hand looms, | 140 |
| industrialisation, | 144–5 |
| levying rates, | 120 |
| local government party alignments, | 119 |
| metal and engineering migrants, | 167 |
| municipal elections, | 109–11 |
| overseer and surveyor board memberships, | 113 |
| permanent salaried officials, | 123–5 |
| pollution, | 132, 160 |
| poor funds, | 95 |
| poor relief distribution, | 89–91 |
| population growth, | 143, 144, 145 |
| railway workers, | 156 |
| railways, | 129, 130 |
| relief funds organisation, | 213 |
| roads, | 127, 128, 130–1 |
| schools, | 274, 275, 276, 280 |
| structure of occupations 1841–71, | 135, 136–7 |
| township chairmen and officers, political and socio-economic composition of, | 113–15, 115, 116, 114 |
| township meeting attendants, | 119 |
| wool textile millworkers, 1835, | 47 |
| Wortley: Past and Present (Stones), | 124 |
| Wortley Amateur Gardeners’ Society, | 317 |
| Wortley Branch Bible Society, | 244 |
| Wortley Cloth Manufacturing and Provision Society, | 342 |
| Wortley Clothiers’ Benefit Society, | 351 |
| Wortley Co-operative, | 343–4, 344 |
| Wortley Greenside, | 40 |
| Wortley Hall, | 228–9 |
| Wortley Working Men’s Institute, | 325–6, 330 |
| Wortley Youth Guardian Society, | 216 |
| Y |
| Yorkshire Council of Woollen Operatives, | 188 |
| Yorkshire Union of Mechanics Institutes (YUMI), | 319, 321, 332 |
| youth guardian societies, | 319, 320, 323–4, 329 |
| Z |
| Zion Institute, New Wortley, | 322, 332, 335, 337, 338 |
| Zion school, New Wortley, | 74 |
